An emissions inventory using flight information reveals the long-term changes of aviation CO2 emissions in China

The low-carbon development of air transport industry is of great significance for China to achieve the commitment of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. In order to improve the basic data of aviation CO2 emissions, this study continuously collected full flight information in China from January 2017 to December 2020, and established a flight information database and an aircraft-engine parameter database. On the basis of IPCC's Tier 3B accounting method, this study established a long-term aviation CO2 emissions inventory of China from 2017 to 2020 by calculating and accumulating CO2 emissions of each flight. And aviation CO2 emissions of various provinces and cities in China were calculated combined with spatial allocation method. The results showed that aviation CO2 emissions in China was 104.1, 120.1, 136.9, and 88.3 Mt in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively, with annual growth rates of 15.4%, 14.0%, and −35.3% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, aviation CO2 emissions in all 31 provinces and 93% of cities decreased in 2020 compared with 2019. China is in the stage of rapid development of air transport industry, and aviation fossil energy consumption and CO2 emissions have continued to grow in recent years. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

COVID-19 and Its Impact on Construction and Transport Construction Economy: An Integrated Framework

The research develops an integrated framework for minimizing the damaging impact of COVID-19 on the economy in construction in the context of Indian real estate sector. Beginning with the extant literature review, the study analyses the challenges that housing, commercial, and industrial segments of the real estate sector is facing in the country. The insights from the literature are then used to underpin a theoretical schema that posits resource capabilities and managerial competencies crucial for sustaining construction economy in the real estate sector. With theoretical underpinnings in place, authors come up with an integrated model that explicates the role of strategic frameworks as a mediating factor between an organization and its performance. The model also investigates the role of environmental turbulence as a moderating factor impacting the relationship between different variables of the model. The study develops propositions related to the outcomes of environment turbulence and its influence on the firm performance in both short-term and long-term scenarios. The future research plan and implications of the study has been discussed towards the end of the study. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

COVID 19 RAMIFICATIONS ON TOURISTIC RESULTS IN 2020

The number of COVID 19 infections worldwide by the end of September 2020 rose to more than 34 million cases. At the same time number of fatalities caused by the same virus exceeds one million. In the year 2020 about ten per cent drop of economic growth was experienced compared to the previous year due to COVID 19 crisis and with probably the biggest impact on tourism industry. The results of global tourist international arrivals in April, May and June 2020 with drop of 95-98 per cent are self-explanatory. Thus, stabile and continuing growth from the beginning of 21st century has been suddenly brutally interrupted returning the tourism industry on level of at least 30-40 years back, maybe even more. The consequences of COVID 19 on touristic results have been analysed in the paper. The analysis is based on four different geographical areas - global, European, Southeast European and Croatian, based on the last 20 years of tourism results. Since similar dramatic situation has also affected air transport industry, the correlation between the tourism and air carriers' results in the last two decades is also considered in this paper. Different scenarios of the future recovery of tourism industry are considered in the paper.

COVID-19 in transport industry: The case of Kazakhstan: Government measures and public reaction

This study is devoted to identifying the potential for assessing public opinion through the development of assessment tools, in the context of instability of global processes. The transport and logistics system turned out to be one of the most affected areas as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The negative consequences are based on various factors: the closure of state borders, the introduction of restrictions on the movement of people and goods, the disruption of supply chains, a decrease in demand and purchasing power. Now, during the coronovirus pandemic, much attention is paid to recording and monitoring new cases of the disease, however, the review of the literature shows that there is a lack of research on the development of tools that allow using clear criteria for assessing the current situation. In the article, for the analysis and interpretation of public opinion survey data, modeling tools are used, based on the results of which management decisions can be made. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

The impact of financial development on environmental sustainability: A European perspective

This research aimed to analyze the impact of financial development on environmental sustainability. Data was collected for 34 countries in Europe, covering the period from 2000 to 2020. Data analysis was conducted using the Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) model, a random-effects model (specified by the Hausman test), and the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) approach. It was found that lending rates are negatively related to CO2 emissions per capita, total CO2, and CO2 by the transport industry. It was also found that bank credit to the private sector increases total CO2 emissions and CO2 emissions from the power and transport industries. This study found that domestic credit to the private sector increases total CO2 emissions. An important implication of these results is that borrowers should be selected and monitored using more stringent criteria to ensure compliance with environmental requirements. This study has made multiple contributions. It has extended knowledge about how the financial sector impacts the environment. It has used two models that can handle issues of collinearity and heteroscedasticity. Its findings are useful for understanding the financial development-environmental health association in this unique COVID-19 pandemic context. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Digitalization in Transport Logistics due to COVID-19: A Case Study from Germany

The pandemic during COVID-19n that society has experienced in 2020, posed new requirements for the level of digitalization for carrier companies. To comply with the law and its most important part that that people should keep distance to each other not less than 1,5 m and personal contact should be reduced to a minimum are difficult to implement if the conventional mode of operation is continued. Based on the example of delivering branches of a food retailer, the authors describe the conventional workflow and how it changes by using digital instruments like telematic. The paper analyzes advantages and costs as well as legal challenges. Based on the experience of using telematic technology, the authors identify the advantages and disadvantages of digital technology in the transport industry. As a result, it was concluded that digitalization in carrier business will become one of the key tools, which will not only be used because of rules in this pandemic situation, it will bring transparency and efficiency, it will reduce different kind of costs, but to be successful in a strong business competition. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Industrial Linkage Structure between Land Transport Industry and Distribution Industry in Korea

Purpose: This study analyzes the production inducement effect and industrial linkage structure of the land transport industries using input-output analysis. In particular, the focus of research is to confirm the link between the land transport industries and the distribution industry in the industrial linkage structure. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology is used by Input-Output Analysis. The analysis focus is calcu-lated the backward linkage effect (BL) and forward linkage effect (FL) using Input Coefficient and Production Induced Coefficient. The analysis data was applied to Korean time-series data from 2000 to 2014 from the World Input-Output Database (Released November 2016). Findings: In Korea, most domestic transportation needs are land transport, and storage services are also provided in conjunction with this. Therefore, it was found that wholesale and retail businesses (G46, G47) in the distribution industry are widely used as intermediary goods. Without the expansion and development of land transport service networks and courier service facilities in Korea, the current chaos caused by COVID-19 would have intensified. Research limitations/implications: The limitation of the study was that reliable data from the WIOD were used but failed to exclude the passenger sector contained in the land transport industries data. Therefore, it is necessary to secure more pertinent data and industrial classifications embodied in the land transport industries. Furthermore, with additional research direction, we analyze the structure of the forward and backward industries of each country's logistics industry and propose establishing the logistics service supply chain concept. Originality/value: Through this study's results, effective industrial policy establishment will be possible considering industries with high production inducement effect to forward and backward industries by the shipping and land transport industries. This study has a meaningful implication that it provides a foundation for understanding the industrial structure linked to the distribution and land transport industries. © 2022 People and Global Business Association.

Analysis of airline employees' perceptions of corporate preparedness for COVID-19 disruptions to airline operations.

The focus of this research is an analysis of U.S.-based airline employees' responses to corporate preparedness for the COVID-19 disruptions to domestic and international airline operations. A survey was issued during May and June 2020 to U.S.-based employees of major and national carriers and U.S.-based employees from foreign carriers. The research project consists of a questionnaire used to answer the key question: What is your perception of your company's preparedness for and response to the COVID-19 outbreak? Sub-questions address three key areas of employees' responses: 1) Was the airline prepared prior to the pandemic? 2). Did the airline respond appropriately to the pandemic? 3) Is the airline positioned well to recover from the pandemic? Findings indicate that airlines' risk management systems are recognized as a weakness in the organizations; however, they are taking steps to enhance their risk management protocols since dealing with the global coronavirus pandemic. Additional findings indicate that air transport companies need to move away from their reliance on the existing risk management system that is based on historical disruptions and toward a more proactive system. The last finding indicates that knowing and understanding the full potential of the impact of pandemics (or epidemics) may be advantageous in recovering business quickly.

Research on warning and monitoring mechanism of economic operation of air passenger transport economic operation under the impact of COVID-19

The COVID-19 has had a great impact on the global air transport industry. This paper analyzes the impact on China's air economic operation, including the current situation, challenges and problems of the regulation mechanism. A warning system for the economic operation of air passenger transport industry is conducted. With the help of warning lights, it reflects the degree of hotness or coldness of economic operation in 2011-2020.In addition, the study establishes the BP neural network forecast model to predict the economic operation of civil aviation industry in the next three years, and proposes the specific early warning management mechanism from five aspects. The conclusion of this study provides a strong support for guiding the civil aviation industry to prevent economic operation risks and improving the anti-vulnerability and resilience of the development of China's civil aviation industry. © 2021 IEEE

Research on the Effect of Public Transport Control Measures under the COVID-19 Epidemic

The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 greatly impacted China's transportation industry. This paper aims to analyze this impact and the indispensable role of public transport control measures in preventing the spread of the epidemic. The impact of SARS and COVID-19 was compared. Taking Hebei Province as an example, the impact of the epidemic on the public transport industry was analyzed. The information of Jincheng public transport network and bus IC card data were selected for analysis. The parameters of bus network density and bus line repetition coefficient were calculated. The number of bus departures of each line before and after Jincheng epidemic was counted. Based on the data of bus IC card, the dynamic network of passenger contact was constructed, and the passenger contact network diagram was drawn. The analysis results can inform and enable urban public transport departments to take control measures when public health emergencies occur. © 2021 CICTP 2021: Advanced Transportation, Enhanced Connection - Proceedings of the 21st COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. All rights reserved.

A Study on Network Construction Strategies for Long-Haul Low-Cost Carrier Operations

Purpose - This study aims to analyze the characteristics of network construction by Norwegian Air and AirAsia X, which are recognized as leading airlines in the long-haul LCC market. Based on this analysis, this study intends to provide implications for networking strategies for Korean LCCs that seek to enter the long-haul market when the aviation market stabilizes again upon the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology - To conduct the network analysis on long-haul low-cost airlines, the Official Airline Guide (OAG) Schedule Analyzer was used to extract long-haul data of Norwegian Air and AirAsia X. To analyze the trend of the long-haul route network, we obtained the data from 3 separate years between 2011 and 2019. The network was analyzed using UCINET 6.0 in order to examine the network structure of long-haul low-cost airlines and the growth trend of each stage. Findings - Analyzing the network of long-haul routes by visualizing the network structure of low-cost carriers showed the following results. In its early years, Norwegian Air's long-haul route network, centering on regional airports in Spain and Sweden, connected European regions, the Middle East, and Africa. As time passed, however, the network expanded and became steadily strong as the airline connected airports in other European countries to North America and Asia. In addition, in 2011, AirAsia X showed links to parts of Europe, such as London and Paris, the Middle East and India, and Australia and Northeast Asia, centering on the Kuala Lumpur Airport. Although the routes in Europe were suspended, the network continued to expand while concentrating on routes of less than approximately 7,000 km. It was found that instead of giving up on ultra-long-haul routes such as Europe, the network was further expanded in Northeast Asia, such as the routes in Korea and Japan centering on China. Originality/value - Until the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, Norwegian Air actively expanded long-haul routes, resulting in the number of long-haul routes quintupling since 2011. The unfortunate circumstance, wherein the world aviation market was rendered stagnant due to the outbreak of COVID-19, hit Norwegian Air harder than any other low-cost carriers. However, in the case of AirAsia X, it was found that it did not suffer as much damage as Norwegian Air because it initially withdrew from unprofitable routes over 7,000 km and grew by gradually increasing profitable destinations over shorter distances. When the COVID-19 pandemic ends and the aviation market stabilizes, low-cost carriers around the world, including Korea, that enter the long-haul route market will need to employ strategies to analyze the marketability of potential routes and to launch the routes that yield the highest profits without being bound by distance. For stable growth, it is necessary to take a conservative stance;first, by reviewing the business feasibility of the operating a small number of highly profitable routes, and second, by gradually expanding these routes.

Forecasting temporal world recovery in air transport markets in the presence of large economic shocks: The case of COVID-19.

This paper estimates the relationship between the strength of economic shocks and temporal recovery in the world air transport industry. Our results show that world recovery of passenger demand to pre-COVID-19 levels is estimated to take 2.4 years (recovery by late-2022), with the most optimistic estimate being 2 years (recovery by mid-2022), and the most pessimistic estimate 6 years (recovery in 2026). Large regional differences are detected, Asia Pacific has the shortest estimated average recovery time 2.2 years, followed by North America 2.5 years and Europe 2.7 years. For air freight the results show a shorter average world recovery time of 2.2 years compared to passenger demand. At the regional level, Europe and Asia Pacific are comparable with average recovery times of 2.2 years while North America is predicted to recover faster in 1.5 years. The results show that the strength of economic shocks of various origins impacts the linear growth of passenger and freight traffic and the temporal recovery of the industry in a predictable transitory way. Hence, the impact of the COVID-19 recession will represent a temporary, although long-lasting, correction to previous growth levels.